Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

by Nalin Abeysekera -
Number of replies: 27

Yes there are some barriers,

1.       Lack of resources-Computers to experts

2.       Problem with the infrastructure..(now I am using my dial-up connection at home…if I want to attach some thing then I will take minutes, some times suddenly it will goes down…mean time I have to pay “per minute basis”

3.       No proper direction-

4.       Low awareness level of eLearning

5.       Political factors-some time might be number one in the priority list)

 

In reply to Nalin Abeysekera

Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

by Derek Chirnside -
Nalin, You are quite right of course.  I do not have much first hand experience.
And:
Your point 1.  OK.
Your point 2.  OK.  Sometimes a problem where I work, but decreasingly so.  We code for 56K modems still. black eye We have another problem with electric fences. 

Your points 3-5: direction, awareness and politics - all are endemic where I come from as well.  I think in my contact with the so called developing countries I see sadly some repetition of mistakes made elsewhere.  On the other hand I see some scenarios where there is a whole different attitude to education: a sense of gratefulness, engagement and value.  (Sometimes missing on my own back door)

I wonder what is UNIQUE to the developing countries scenarios?
I wonder what an Appreciative Inquiry approach to these settings could yield?
In reply to Derek Chirnside

Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

by Nalin Abeysekera -

Derek,I also agree with you. In Sri Lanka literacy rate is 90%.but because of the problem of the resources (only 14 universities operating throughout the island) only 14% of the advanced level students will go to the University. Remaining 86% do have problems. some select professional courses while affluent will go for foreign universities. Once foreign universities try to establish under Sri Lankan university system then politics comes in to play. they argue that this will affect to the free education(in which  our country up to advance level students can have total free education).but these people don’t know (or know) that well to do people will go to foreign education and this will affect to so called “middle income category”. I think this scenario unique to the developing countries (but I wonder about our higher literacy rate-it is exceptional!).<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

I always think human factor affect lot. Though there is an argument of lack of resources and infrastructure we should concern about utilization of resources. For that I think there is a need of good leadership. In our countries ADB and some donators always help for the development of e-Learning. But once they did their job we have to discuss about the sustainability of that project too. thats why  I am thinking at least two three years they should work with locals and should understand the best outfit too..

In reply to Derek Chirnside

Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

by Emma Duke-Williams -
Your points 3-5: direction, awareness and politics - all are endemic where I come from as well.  I think in my contact with the so called developing countries I see sadly some repetition of mistakes made elsewhere.  On the other hand I see some scenarios where there is a whole different attitude to education: a sense of gratefulness, engagement and value.  (Sometimes missing on my own back door)

I'd agree with Derek that those points aren't unique to the Majority world! I'd also agree with his point that we can see both the repetition of mistakes - and a whole different attitude.

I know that the One Laptop Per Child Initiative has attracted a lot of attention - from those that think it's a wonderful idea, to those that view it with some scepticism (mostly that the money spent on it might well be spent in other areas of Education in those countries), to those that are convinced that it's just going to bring in more porn/scammers/whatever. I'm personally wavering between the "wonderful idea" (I really like the constructivist educational approach, and the way that they've worked with the hardware is great), and the "somewhat sceptical" (I've been in too many classrooms that have had fewer desks than children, that have leaked in the rain, that haven't had enough books to go round... and seen the numbers of children not in school).

Derek's mentioned a "whole different attitude to education" I hope that the OLPC project does that :) 
In reply to Derek Chirnside

Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

by violeta cautin -
HI!
I hope it's not too late to join the discussion.  I guess that in order to know what's specifically different here I have to compare it to what you have.  I am imagining that you don not have problems with connectivity, I imagine that in all Europe you enjoy free super fast wireless bandwidth, but maybe you don't.  I imagine that bandwidth is a major issue because for example you debate a lot about Second Life and its educational use, but I can't get it to work in my pc due to 1. bandwidth and 2. my AMD 1.1 pc with 256 RAM (so probably the cost of accessing new hardware technology is another, too)
Language is another barrier, too.  There's not access to many resources or even to these discussions if you don't speak English. For example, I have studied English all my life, but I'm still very unconfident to write in academic settings.  I can predict that whatever happens with Spain will happen with Chile (in terms of use of internet for educational purposes)  because we are always copying things and policies from the only developed Spanish speaking country we have as role model.

One thing that I found interesting is the fact that in some places (in developed countries) educators have problems accessing sites like youtube from their university or other places, but here you can access whatever site you want. I guess that's an advantage we have because people is so not worried about internet or censoring sites if they haven't started reflecting about them he he he :)  The reflection is so poor that our previous President started a program called "Mi primer PC" with was intended to provide computers for all families in Chile.  They sold those computers through some department stores in installments - HUGE interest rates - And the supposedly cheap computers had old Pentium processors (Why not AMD which is much cheaper?) and came with WINDOWS!!! So when those families -that still think the brand of the monitor is the brand of the computer- bought those old pcs ended up paying almost 40% of the cost just for the Windows.
Now our current President signed a contract that forces all public institutions to use Microsoft software.  Imagine the consequences for public educational intitutions.  Ah, and the contract says that as soon as any chilean is born, he/she will be given a free hotmail (mns) account -- what?  so as soon as any Chilean is born Microsoft will know it and add it to its records.... isn't that strange?  
Well I am not into politics at all, but I cannot not criticize these political decisions that affect mostly the ones that have no idea about computers.

I think another point that haven't been covered in this discussion is copyright.  Here in Chile copying, burning, distributing, etc etc is normal and
you'll find a cracked windows or software in almost any computer.  If you plan to "educate" about that I imagine you'll encounter a lot of resistance. People do not see the real value of open software if they have free commercial software anyway.
In reply to violeta cautin

Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

by Emma Duke-Williams -
I am imagining that you don not have problems with connectivity, I imagine that in all Europe you enjoy free super fast wireless bandwidth, but maybe you don't.

I can't talk about the rest of Europe, but where I am in the UK, we do have Wireless broadband round the university. However, it's not that "superfast" - especially when there are several users all trying to access it at the same time.
In the home setting, I believe that about 95% of households have access to broadband (wired), but, it's not free, and clearly not all households have it. As with many things, those that could benefit the most (e.g. living in remote areas) are the least likely to have it. (I was talking to a friend at the weekend  whose mother still doesn't have mains electricity ...)

The other thing, that i always try to do, is to link to things like video files - rather than embedding them; so that those students that do have slow connections don't get bored waiting for the page to load. Yes, it can mean that you don't have quite the multimedia page that people suggest you should have - but it does mean that you don't lose those with poor connections.
It's hard though - a video embedded can look nice, it's balancing up the appearance with the practicality.

For example, I have studied English all my life, but I'm still very unconfident to write in academic settings.  I can predict that whatever happens with Spain will happen with Chile (in terms of use of internet for educational purposes)  because we are always copying things and policies from the only developed Spanish speaking country we have as role model.

Your English looks pretty good to me! I, like many other UK citizens,  struggle to do more than ask for a pint of beer and to say "Hello" in Spanish/ French/ German. I always have a lot of admiration for those who enrol on courses in the UK - or who, like you, take part in online discussions.

Now our current President signed a contract that forces all public institutions to use Microsoft software.  Imagine the consequences for public educational intitutions.  Ah, and the contract says that as soon as any chilean is born, he/she will be given a free hotmail (mns) account -- what?  so as soon as any Chilean is born Microsoft will know it and add it to its records.... isn't that strange?  
That sounds a very strange contract. It makes me start to wonder what's in it for him/ his advisors ... But, giving babies Hotmail accounts - are Chilean Babies much better than UK babies at typing. I'm just having a little laugh at the thought of babies sitting on their mothers' laps typing emails...

I think another point that haven't been covered in this discussion is copyright.  Here in Chile copying, burning, distributing, etc etc is normal and you'll find a cracked windows or software in almost any computer.
When I lived in Papua New Guinea it was exactly the same ... much of the software was cracked. According to various people that I spoke to, Bill Gates liked coming to PNG for the diving - with his very expensive boat. Rumour had it that Microsoft didn't bother chasing local software copiers, because he knew that most fishermen are pretty handy with dynamite for fishing ... and having a boat in the same water ...
Well, I don't know how true that bit was, but he certainly visited a lot, and there was a *lot* of pirated software.

To get to a more serious point, I've also come across the view, within the UK and elsewhere, that if you're paying for it, by definition it *must* be better than something you get for free. Almost like a prestige type thing.
In reply to Emma Duke-Williams

Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

by violeta cautin -

Well, little by little it's Europe demystified for me.  :/ big grin Bye bye dreams of moving to a country with superfast free wireless internet.  Connection is similar to what you describe, but I suspect it's more expensive here.  For example I was paying half a minimun wage a month for regular internet connection (broadband).  Is it the same proportion there?

Well, thanks for your comments about my English.  I must add that I've been studying it for at least 5 hours a week since I was 11 (17 years ago) .  Now, it takes me 3 or 4 times longer to write a post in English that it would take me to write it in Spanish- I would be more that happy to help you with your Spanish if needed :)

Well, I have to admit that I'm an advocate of free "por la razon o la fuerza" as our national moto says.  thoughtful

 

In reply to violeta cautin

Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

by Emma Duke-Williams -
From Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries by viovio on 05 October 2007 16:34:00:
For example I was paying half a minimun wage a month for regular internet connection (broadband).  Is it the same proportion there?

Gosh .... no. Here, you could get a broadband connection (possibly not the fastest, and with a limit on the downloads) for less than two hours of the minimum wage (currently £5.52/hour). [For comparison, I've just checked the website of Tesco - a supermarket that has online ordering & a loaf of bread would be anything between 30p for a very basic loaf, to over £1 for a premium one - and petrol is close to £1.00 a litre]. So, in comparison, broadband, while not free, isn't that expensive.

Obviously I can't talk about the rest of Europe, but certainly the cost of broadband is something that has to be taken into account for many learners - and while it's not the same proportion of take home pay in Europe as it is in the majority world, it's still something we have to remember to consider when students look at studying from home.
In reply to violeta cautin

Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

by Colby Stuart -
Violeta, our group is researching - around the world - how to set up a training and learning program for children and parents to learn the role that values play in their lives. It is called Kids 2020: their Visions & Strategies for a Preferred Future. We have learned so much about these issues and contradictions.

You have illustrated very clearly a strong dynamic between political decisions, quality and affordability of access to broadband and hardware, and levels of experience and performance with all of these issues. In so many corrupted political systems, the people who want to learn - and could have access to online learning opportunities - face so many barriers that they feel exhausted and frustrated just trying to get around these barriers. Financial and legal contradictions also have many fuzzy edges. Open Source is not only about copyright. It's about contribution, building on knowledge and sharing that in wider communities to help reduce limitations.

Language is one of the greatest barriers. People who speak a mother language other than English can feel handicapped. Funny because so many in the English speaking world - including academics - write English so poorly that they rarely would criticize someone else's efforts.

Westernized countries do not appreciate that most of the world has limited access to what is available. We also do not understand the implications of political decisions outside of our own cultures. We make assumptions and generalize development standards. This is why sharing like this opens our minds and broadens our understanding.

The real point here is to try and connect and communicate with one another so that we can all learn.

I am curious about another medium in Chile. Do you use radio for sharing learning?

Hablo español fluido porque mi familia es de New México. Si es más fácil que usted explique esto en su propio lenguaje, comparta por favor sus preguntas e historias con nosotros.

In reply to Colby Stuart

Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

by violeta cautin -
Bueno, entiendo la idea de free as in libre.  Lo que quiero decir es que el comun de la gente no lo entiende porque para ellos usar software es siempre gratis, por lo que no ven el punto de usar algo "libre".  Bueno, claro, el punto de la web social es la colaboracion y la sinergia que se produce al compartir el conocimiento.  Esta es una de las razones por las que siempre participo en estos debates, me gusta aprender de los que saben mas que yo  smile  Una profesora me dijo no hace mucho que cuando tus pares te explican aprendes aun mas ya que ellos al entender un asunto le agregan sus propias significaciones, y uno al recoger estas explicaciones está "robando" las significaciones del otro y agregandole las nuestras por lo que te apropias del contenido en mejor forma.
Acerca de la radio mmmmm no lo había pensado, pero creo que es un excelente medio para transmitir ideas al comun de la gente.  Muchos taxistas, dueñas de casa, cuidadores, trabajadores de oficina usan como único medio de compañia la radio por lo que creo que programas educativos cortos tendrán un alto impacto.

Now for the English speaking friends, I understand the concept of free as in libre (more than gratis) what I meant with the copyright issue was that when common, regular people use cracked software all the time, they do not appreciate the value of open software.  Why would they use Linux, ehic can be more complicated, if they have Windows for free also.  Why they would use wikieducator or wikipedia if they have Encarta for free.  I installed the Open Office at my mother's pc and she keeps complaining about not having poer point in order to see the attachments she receives from friends.  If she had to pay for an Office suit she would be worshiping  open software.
Of course, I understand the point of libre and collaborative, etc., and the synergy that we produce when we share the knowledge.  That's one of the reasons I love to join is these discussions, because I learn from everybody and I hope they learn from me.  A teacher once told me that when you learn form your peers you learn more because they give you the personal meaning that they have attached to that knowledge.  That way you can make the knowledge your own with your meaning and the meaning that  your peers  attached to it.

About the radio... mmmmm grat way to get to the masses here in Chile.  Excellent idea. 
In reply to violeta cautin

Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

by Dr. Nellie Deutsch -
Violeta mentioned a very important aspect of why pay if you can get it for free and you won't be caught. Most people in my country do not a moral issue with illegal downloading just as they don't see a problem with plagiarism or committing traffic violations because no one is watching. Copyright issues are important, but I think they won't make sense to those who ignore them, unless ministries of education implement character education moral values into the school curriculum.  
In reply to Dr. Nellie Deutsch

Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

by Emma Duke-Williams -
From Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries by nelliemuller on 05 October 2007 13:22:00:
Most people in my country do not a moral issue with illegal downloading just as they don't see a problem with plagiarism or committing traffic violations because no one is watching.

I'm not sure where you're based, Nellie (in your profile you mention "Canadian" & "Hebrew", so am I right in thinking that you're teaching in Israel?) - however, I think that your point about people not having a moral issue with illegal downloads and traffic offences is also very true in the UK. For many students they conceptually know that they shouldn't plagiarise, but they don't quite know what plagiarism is.
In reply to Emma Duke-Williams

Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

by Dr. Nellie Deutsch -
Emma,
I am currently based in Israel. I make a point of teaching my high school students about plagiarism. However, I find that when explained people appear to understand plagiarism and are willing to give credit where it's due more readily than they are willing to stop at a red light.  
In reply to Dr. Nellie Deutsch

Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

by Inge Ignatia de Waard -
hello Nellie

I am completely with you on the plagiarism awareness point.
The students here come from all around the world and sometimes they do not fully understand plagiarism, but once it is explained they fully go for it.

Everything will evolve to payable downloads probably, but it would be nice if software licenses would become affordable or for instance linked a the average income of a citizen. That way the cost would be much more democratic.
In reply to Inge Ignatia de Waard

Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

by Dr. Nellie Deutsch -
Hi Ignatia,
I wonder whether the issue is really money. I think some people take what doesn't belong to them because no one provides them with reasons not to. approve
In reply to violeta cautin

Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

by Inge Ignatia de Waard -
hi Violetta

Waw, I had no idea the government made a deal with MS on that level. The Microsoft way of working is attacked in a lot of law suits and it is definetely a global issue.

Just adding the Unesco free and open source library, although common users are not always fond of free open software, the fact that unesco supports it is a beautiful thing.

Hopefully the future will find ways to work around this monopoly.
In reply to Inge Ignatia de Waard

Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

by Dr. Nellie Deutsch -
Yes, I agree. Free sharing is a wonderful way to connect everyone. 
In reply to Derek Chirnside

Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

by violeta cautin -

On the other hand I see some scenarios where there is a whole different attitude to education: a sense of gratefulness, engagement and value.  (Sometimes missing on my own back door)

Hi Derek! Could you please elaborate on this point?  I understand that you've found those traits in developing countries?

Appreciative Inquiry approach

What's that? I guess I'll google it also.

:)

In reply to violeta cautin

Appreciative Inquiry (Side comment)

by Derek Chirnside -
Violeta, From wikiepdia, on Appreciative Inquiry:  cool

Appreciative Inquiry was developed by David Cooperrider of Case Western Reserve University. It is now a commonly accepted practice in the evaluation of organizational development strategy and implementation of organizational effectiveness tactics.

Appreciative Inquiry is a particular way of asking questions and envisioning the future that fosters positive relationships and builds on the basic goodness in a person, a situation, or an organization. In so doing, it enhances a system's capacity for collaboration and change. Appreciative Inquiry utilizes a 4-stage process focusing on:

  1. DISCOVER: The identification of organizational processes that work well.
  2. DREAM: The envisioning of processes that would work well in the future.
  3. DESIGN: Planning and prioritizing processes that would work well.
  4. DESTINY (or DELIVER): The implementation (execution) of the proposed design.

The basic idea is to build organizations around what works, rather than trying to fix what doesn't. The approach acknowledges the contribution of individuals, in order to increase trust and organizational alignment. The method aims to create meaning by drawing from stories of concrete successes and lends itself to cross-industrial social activities. It can be enjoyable and natural to many managers, who are often sociable people.

Simplistically, this is starting from the good things that exist, rather than some sort of deficit model on what is wrong, missing or lacking.

At to my other comment:
On the other hand I see some scenarios where there is a whole different attitude to education: a sense of gratefulness, engagement and value.  (Sometimes missing on my own back door)
I have several close friends who have worked overseas over the last 25 or so years.  Some of the stories are fascinating.  Very poor and deprived settings by the standards of kids down the road from where I live - yet, overseas, the kids can be happy, vibrant, optimistic.  Some of the kids down the road here - with tons of opportunities - basically lead spoiled, selfish and self destructive lives.

I also hear stories about schools quite low on resources in the classrooms, yet showing  creativity with stuff, ideas and approaches.  elearning can help here . .  [Provided we don't merely import the words pedagogically unsound practices sometimes used in elearning . . .]

Sometimes the problems (social, cultural, resources, history) just seem so big as to be insurmountable.  But in the same set of circumstances people respond quite differently.

In reply to Derek Chirnside

Re: Appreciative Inquiry (Side comment)

by violeta cautin -
I think you're right.  And I like that approach to see the good things first and start from there.  I think people just want to improve their quality of life.  If you have nothing to lose then you just try.
Now if we say deprived homes, etc, they do not have internet at home for sure, so the opportunity to reach for them is at school.  To educate parents and children about the benefits of life long learning and that it can be done through internet.  And maybe open school labs to function as centers of knowledge and connectivity from schools and students/families to the world.  (Political decisions)  But I guess it's our responsibility (from us people who have internet at home and know how to use it) to start pushing our politicians and authorities to pass on laws or policies regarding that.

In reply to Nalin Abeysekera

Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

by Dr. Nellie Deutsch -
Getting people to feel comfortable about learning online is crucial to the success of an e-learning program. Blending face-to-face with online learning may be an excellent way to get people comfortable about e-learning.  However, it may be necessary to understand how learners feel in order to remove them from their comfort zones. I would be interested in answers to the following questions:
  1. How do we get people out of their comfort zone?
  2. How do cultural factors determine the use of e-learning?
  3. How can trust be incorporated into the online environment?
In reply to Dr. Nellie Deutsch

Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

by Monica Macaulay -

Thank you for leading this seminar I am really looking forward to it.  My name is Monica Macaulay and I am the Online Learning Facilitator at Nicola Valley Institute of Technology in Merritt, British Columbia, Canada.  We are an Aboriginal Institution and many of the barriers developing countries face with respect to e-learning are the same barrieres many of our First Nations experience who live on remote reservations.  I look forward to putting our ideas together on how we can improve the situation.

Many thanks.

In reply to Monica Macaulay

Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

by Dr. Nellie Deutsch -
Hi Monica,
Great to have you with us. Nalin mentioned the human element and Derek mentioned culture. I wonder if Marc Prensky would agree to consider the term digital immigrant vs. digital natives when referring to developing countries.
In reply to Dr. Nellie Deutsch

Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

by Emma Duke-Williams -
From Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries by nelliemuller on 03 October 2007 16:13:00:
I wonder if Marc Prensky would agree to consider the term digital immigrant vs. digital natives when referring to developing countries.

I always feel somewhat uncomfortable with the terms "digital native" & "digital immigrant" generally, as often people tend to assume that the "natives" are all totally at home with technology; and the "immigrants" aren't really that happy. Yet, we have older people ("silver surfers") who are often way more confident and can cope with a wider range of digital tools than other younger ones. Just the same as with speaking, say, English, many overseas students, who have English as their second language, understand it and all the complex grammar rules in a way that those with English as their mother tongue don't.

When it comes to the Majority world, clearly the numbers of people who have grown up with digital technology all their lives is more limited if you've not got electricity at home, it's hard to have a iPod/mobile phone/ whatever [though the first mobile phone I ever saw was a massive satellite one in the middle of the Borneo jungle!] HOwever, that's not to say that users won't adjust to using new technology (and possibly be much more creative in the way that it's being used - as they mayn't be bound by what you're *meant* to do with a particular gadget).

In reply to Emma Duke-Williams

Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

by Dr. Nellie Deutsch -
Emma, I agree with you; using natives and immigrants does sound judgmental. However, there is one good thing about using the word native; it gave the term a positive connotation. 
In reply to Dr. Nellie Deutsch

Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

by violeta cautin -

3.

I think trust should be develop in the same way we develop it in f2f classrooms.  Setting clear rules at the beginning and using our teacher's sense. 

Maybe with online students feedback is even more important because they do not have the classroom interaction, so another thing would be giving appropriate and "fast" feedback.

I haven't been involved in real e-teaching, all my experience has been as a complement to f2f classes, so I am going to guess that students in an e-learning environment will be more anxious so teachers should be even more present for them answering their mails, responding to their posts, etc.

wide eyes

In reply to Dr. Nellie Deutsch

Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

by Jim Flood -
Hello
I've only just found out about this conference and I'm enjoying catching up.

I don't know the answers to Nellie's questions and I am aware of the some of the strategies to tackle them. Not only are we assuming that the technical and economic challenges can be met, we assume that the pyschological contract between teachers and learners can be easily changed. We assume that students, freed from the tyranny of being taught from the front as one body will become independent learners and that teachers will readily give up their control and command model to become learning facilitators. I think that e-learning/blending learning if it is to become more than a delivery system for educational resources (valuable as that is) requires a paradigm shift of massive proportions. My view is that teachers need support to 'warm up' for digitally supported learning by implementing some simple strategies to make their classroom management more participant focussed.
In reply to Jim Flood

Re: Barriers to e-learning in developing countries

by Dr. Nellie Deutsch -
Jim,
I agree that teachers need encouragement and a great deal of support to change from frontal to online environments. Technofear is an issue that needs to be addressed not only in developing countries but in developed countries as well. The digital divide between the digital natives and the immigrants seems to be increasing faster than many educators and policy makers care to admit.